Who among the following scientists made the statement "Chemical change can produce electricity"?

Twelve cells,each having emf $E$ volts,are connected in series and are kept in a closed box. Some of these cells are wrongly connected with positive and negative terminals reversed. This $12$-cell battery is connected in series with an ammeter,an external resistance $R$ ohms,and a two-cell battery (two cells of the same type used earlier,connected perfectly in series). The current in the circuit when the $12$-cell battery and $2$-cell battery aid each other is $3 \text{ A}$,and it is $2 \text{ A}$ when they oppose each other. Then,the number of cells in the $12$-cell battery that are connected wrongly is:

$n$ rows,each containing $m$ cells in series,are connected in parallel. The maximum current is drawn from this combination through an external resistance of $3\, \Omega$. If the total number of cells used is $24$ and the internal resistance of each cell is $0.5\, \Omega$,then $m$ and $n$ are respectively:

When a resistance of $2\,\Omega$ is connected across the terminals of a cell,the current is $0.5\,A$. When the resistance is increased to $5\,\Omega$,the current is $0.25\,A$. The internal resistance of the cell is ............. $\Omega$.

The terminal potential difference of a cell when short-circuited is ($E$ = $E.M.F.$ of the cell).

$A$ battery of emf $18 \, V$ and internal resistance $3 \, \Omega$ and another battery of emf $10 \, V$ and internal resistance $1 \, \Omega$ are connected in parallel as shown in the figure. The voltmeter reading is: (in $ \, V$)